Persistent itching can be a perplexing and uncomfortable experience, often arising from a variety of underlying causes. One potential trigger is aging, which can impair the skin barrier, leading to increased sensitivity and itching. According to Dr. Arndt, aging skin may not work as efficiently as before, allowing irritants that were previously harmless to be absorbed, causing discomfort. Additionally, changes in immune response, fat, and blood flow can further exacerbate this issue.

A surprising source of severe itching, particularly associated with liver disease, was discovered by researchers, as reported by Karl Leif Bates at Duke Research. This finding, published in Gastroenterology on April 2, reveals that the outer layer of the skin plays a crucial role beyond mere insulation, potentially leading to new treatment approaches.

The process of itching involves complex interactions between our skin, immune cells, and nervous system. When our skin encounters an irritant, like a scratchy sweater, immune cells release molecular “keys” that activate GPCRs (G protein-coupled receptors). These receptors then initiate communication networks within our nervous system, sending signals to the brain which interprets them as an itch.

In cases where there is no clear cause for itching, researchers from the Center for the Study of Itch at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have identified immune system irregularities that might be responsible. Their study suggests that unrecognized defects in the immune system could be prompting the urge to scratch.

Various factors, including hormonal changes due to menopause and pregnancy, certain medications (antibiotics, blood pressure pills, opioids, diuretics), and skincare products (soaps, deodorants, bug repellents), can also contribute to skin dryness and itching. This sensation can be more pronounced at night. In rare cases, nighttime itching could indicate more serious health concerns.

Histamine release in response to irritants like mosquito bites is another factor leading to itching. While antihistamines can offer relief by blocking histamine from binding to receptors in the skin, widespread itch is often linked to internal organ diseases.

Drug rashes, appearing as pink and red bumps on the chest and back, can also cause itching. These rashes, which may develop four to 14 days after starting a medication, are typically treated with antihistamines.

To manage dry skin, especially in winter, it’s recommended to pat the skin dry after bathing, apply moisturizer while the skin is damp, use a humidifier, and limit hot water exposure. Moisturizing frequently with oil-based ointments can help maintain skin hydration.

For more detailed information on the causes and remedies for itching, you can refer to the comprehensive articles provided by Harvard Health, Duke Research, and Harvard Science in the News.