Kidney stones are a common and often painful condition that can affect anyone. One significant risk factor for kidney stones is urological procedures, which can lead to colonization and infection. Obstruction caused by a passing stone can exacerbate the issue by promoting stasis of urine in the renal system.

Another cause of kidney stones is Cystinuria, a genetic condition leading to high levels of cystine in the urine, which then crystallizes into stones. While increasing hydration and adjusting urine pH with medications can manage most cystine stones, some cases may require additional treatment.

Different types of kidney stones have various causes. The most common types include calcium stones, often combined with oxalate or phosphate, and uric acid stones. Less common are struvite stones, typically formed due to urinary tract infections and composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate.

Diagnosing and treating kidney stones involves a urinalysis and, if infection is suspected, a urine culture. Pain management is crucial for those suffering from renal colic, the intense discomfort caused by kidney stones. In rare cases, medications like tamsulosin, used for stone treatment, can cause intraoperative floppy iris syndrome.

Symptoms of kidney stones vary. Small stones may pass without causing any symptoms, while larger stones can get trapped in the ureter, leading to severe pain, nausea, vomiting, and hematuria (blood in the urine). It’s essential to seek medical attention for these symptoms, as untreated stones can lead to complications like infection or urosepsis.

For more in-depth information, you can explore these resources:
Kidney Stone Program
Harvard Health
Harvard Health
Harvard Health
University of Rochester Medical Center
University of Florida
Harvard Health