Diarrhea is characterized by more frequent and more liquid bowel movements than normal. It can be caused by a variety of factors including infections from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. One common way bacteria cause diarrhea is by invading the intestine or producing toxins that increase water secretion in the intestine.
When considering the duration, diarrhea is classified into two types: acute, lasting less than two weeks, and chronic, persisting longer than two weeks. Acute diarrhea can result from viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections. Notable viruses linked to diarrhea include adenovirus, rotavirus (prevalent in infants), influenza, and norovirus (the most widespread cause).
Symptoms of diarrhea often include abdominal cramps and an urgent need to use the bathroom. A major concern with diarrhea is dehydration, a serious side effect resulting from fluid loss. Treatment typically involves fluid replacement and addressing the underlying cause, which may necessitate antibiotics in cases of bacterial infections.
In older adults, diarrhea is frequently a side effect of medications like antibiotics and anti-gout drugs, due to changes in gut movement and intestinal bacteria. Other potential causes include food allergies, surgical procedures on the digestive system, and certain medications such as antibiotics.
Children may experience diarrhea from non-infectious sources, such as food allergies or medication reactions. However, certain strains of E. coli, which produce a potent toxin, can cause severe infections leading to diarrhea.
Recent research has shown that a drug called nafamostat could potentially treat gastrointestinal symptoms associated with COVID-19, unlike remdesivir, which can damage intestinal tissue.
For managing symptoms of viral gastroenteritis, which can range from mild to severe and typically manifest one to three days after exposure, it’s essential to stay hydrated to counterbalance the fluid loss from vomiting or diarrhea.
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